When does the merger or consolidation of corporations take effect?

The merger or consolidation of corporations takes effect upon the issuance of a certificate approving the articles and plan. This is a critical step in the legal process of merging two or more corporations.

Once the necessary approvals—typically from the board of directors and shareholders—are obtained, the next step is to file the articles of merger or consolidation with the appropriate regulatory authority. Upon approval by this authority, a certificate is issued, which signifies that the merger or consolidation is now legally recognized. This formal acknowledgment is what triggers the full effect of the merger or consolidation, making it an essential element of corporate law.

Other options, while important in their own right, do not represent the formal point at which the merger or consolidation becomes effective. Board approval is necessary, but it is not the final step. Fiscal year end and shareholder notice events are related to corporate governance but do not affect the legal validity or effectiveness of the merger or consolidation itself.