Can stockholders participate and vote in absentia according to the Revised Corporation Code?

In the Revised Corporation Code, stockholders do not have the provision to participate and vote in absentia unless specific arrangements, such as proxy voting, are made. The correct understanding is that stockholders must be physically present at the meeting to exert their voting rights, which highlights the importance of personal involvement in corporate governance. This personal attendance is essential for ensuring that stockholders can directly engage with discussions, ask questions, and make informed decisions regarding corporate matters.

While other options involve variations of participation, such as proxy voting or provisions in the bylaws, the standard expectation under the Revised Corporation Code remains that voting must occur in person. The provision for proxies allows shareholders to designate someone to vote on their behalf, but it does not equate to voting in absentia because the proxy must still represent the shareholder's interests at the meeting. Thus, the essence of the code emphasizes active participation and accountability among stockholders during corporate decisions.